The conservative Heritage Foundation maintains a database, dating to 1979, that it says includes a “sampling” of election-fraud cases brought by prosecutors. In that period, about 2 billion votes have been cast in federal elections, according to a calculation for The Fact Checker by the Brennan Center for Justice. A recent search of the Heritage database found 85 cases involving allegations of noncitizen voting from 2002 to 2023. A large percentage of the cases took place in North Carolina, where authorities have been aggressive in targeting noncitizen voting.